In 2026, the global green ammonia industry entered a new phase, moving from years of pilot projects and policy announcements to the construction of large-scale projects. Developers are now focused on installing electrolyzers, connecting renewable power systems, and producing the first commercial batches of low-carbon ammonia, rather than primarily seeking funding or government support.

This change is the result of several long-term trends coming together. Electrolyzer costs have dropped sharply over the past five years, and renewable electricity is now more competitive in key production areas. Governments have also finalized incentive programs, which have given investors more confidence. At the same time, geopolitical disruptions, especially the 2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis, have raised concerns about the resilience of global fertilizer supply chains and strengthened the case for domestic green ammonia production.

Falling costs and policy certainty reshape investment decisions

The economics of green hydrogen have improved a lot since the industry began. Estimates show that capital costs for alkaline and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers have dropped by about 40% to 60% per megawatt compared to 2021, removing one of the biggest cost barriers to commercial use.

Renewable electricity is now the cheapest power source in regions with lots of sun and wind, such as Australia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Because electricity accounts for most of the cost of producing green hydrogen, these changes have made projects much more financially attractive.

Government policies have changed along with technology. The European Union is now giving out production subsidies through its Hydrogen Bank, and the United States has finalized rules for the Section 45V clean hydrogen production tax credit under the Inflation Reduction Act. Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Australia, and India have also launched or are completing national incentive programs to accelerate investment in green hydrogen and ammonia production.

All these changes have shifted investors’ focus from whether projects are possible to how well they can be carried out.

Construction becomes the industry’s primary challenge

Although it is now easier to get financing, developers face the harder job of building these new types of facilities on time and within budget.

Traditional ammonia plants run continuously under stable conditions, but green ammonia facilities must work with renewable electricity, which can be unpredictable. Designing systems that can handle changes in solar and wind power makes engineering more complex and requires more equipment.

Supply chain issues remain a major challenge. Manufacturers of large electrolyzers cannot keep up with demand, and it often takes 18 to 24 months to fill major orders. There is also more competition for specialty membranes, electrical equipment, transformers, switchgear, and structural steel across many industries.

Because of these issues, many projects that were supposed to start in 2025 and 2026 have been delayed by one or two years. This shows how hard it is to build up a new industrial supply chain.

Fertilizer production emerges as the leading commercial market

Green ammonia is being considered for use as a marine fuel, in electricity generation, and for transporting hydrogen. However, fertilizer manufacturing is now seen as the most promising first commercial use for the industry.

Ammonia is already the second-most-produced chemical in the world and the main ingredient in nitrogen fertilizers. The existing production plants, storage systems, global trade networks, and steady demand make it less risky commercially than new energy uses.

Demand for low-carbon fertilizers is rising in markets where carbon reduction rules make these products more valuable. Buyers in Europe and Japan, especially, are looking for green ammonia and green urea to meet regulations and sustainability goals.

Recent projects show this trend. Australia’s renewable energy agency, ARENA, has shortlisted Perdaman Commercial Developments’ 750-megawatt Karratha project for the second round of its Hydrogen Headstart program. This project is one of the few large green hydrogen developments in the country focused on making green urea.

In Europe, Fertiberia has started making green fertilizers under its Impact Zero brand at its Puertollano facility in Spain, which it calls Europe’s first large-scale green ammonia plant. At the same time, OCI Global and Yara are working on green ammonia supply deals to help decarbonize fertilizer and industrial markets.

Strait of Hormuz disruption strengthens supply security argument

The 2026 disruption in the Strait of Hormuz brought a new geopolitical factor into green ammonia investment decisions.

About 30% of the world’s traded fertilizers usually pass through this key waterway. The conflict showed how fragile international fertilizer supply chains are, leading to sharp increases in ammonia and urea prices and disrupting shipments to many importing regions.

Even though prices have gone down since the June ceasefire, governments and investors are now more focused on reducing their reliance on production in just a few locations.

The disruption has made fertilizer-importing countries more interested in making green ammonia at home. It has also encouraged sovereign wealth funds and institutional investors to consider export projects in regions perceived as less geopolitically risky.

For many governments, energy security and food security are now almost as important as cutting emissions when they consider investing in green ammonia.

Commercial scale expected by the end of the decade

Experts expect the first large green ammonia plants to start steady commercial production in 2027 and 2028. Many of the first operating plants are likely to be in Australia, Saudi Arabia, and Northern Europe.

Green ammonia is expected to account for only a small share of global supply by 2030, but its role should grow steadily as more renewable power becomes available and electrolyzer production increases.

For the industry, the next 18 months will be more about getting projects built than announcing new ones. Developers need to show they can finish facilities on time, run them reliably with fluctuating renewable power, and produce green ammonia at prices that can compete in a global fertilizer market growing more unpredictable.

Source: PV Magazine India

Global urea prices may fall another $30–50 per tonne before reaching a low. According to Josh Linville, vice president of fertilizer at StoneX, the market is expected to rebound sharply when fall demand returns and buyers compete for supply lost during the Strait of Hormuz disruption.

In late June, after New Orleans (NOLA) urea barge prices dropped to about $350 per tonne, more than 55% below their April peak, Linville identified three factors weighing on nitrogen markets: the reopening of the Strait of Hormuz, China’s return to urea exports, and the seasonal absence of major buyers in the U.S. and Europe. “A lot of factors have come together and supercooled the marketplace here for the short-term,” he said.

Linville expects the current weakness to reverse when seasonal demand resumes, as significant volumes of nitrogen fertilizer were not produced during the supply disruptions. The Middle East, responsible for about one-third of global urea trade, was largely sidelined during the Hormuz crisis. Meanwhile, Chinese exports remained restricted, and European producers operated at reduced rates due to high LNG costs. These lost production volumes cannot be replenished in inventories.

“When demand returns, prices will rise substantially because the market will pay for the sins of lost tonnes,” Linville said. He does not expect prices to reach the April peak of about $782 per tonne, which was driven by an unusually severe combination of supply disruptions. He advises growers to avoid committing all fertilizer purchases at once and to closely monitor local basis levels, as regional pricing may diverge from global benchmarks.

The outlook for phosphate fertilizers is considerably tighter than for nitrogen. Linville expects DAP and MAP prices to remain elevated, as China continues to limit phosphate exports and logistics and insurance challenges constrain shipments from Saudi Arabia, despite the reopening of the Strait of Hormuz. Farmers purchasing phosphate fertilizers for fall applications are likely to face a much firmer market than those buying urea.

Looking ahead, Linville said India’s next urea import tender will be a key indicator for global nitrogen markets in the second half of 2026. This tender will help establish a new price benchmark as the market shifts from crisis-driven shortages to more normalized supply conditions, though inventories will remain depleted.

Source: The Western Producer

Australia has chosen seven renewable hydrogen projects for the second round of its Hydrogen Headstart subsidy program. One of these is a 750 MW green hydrogen plant that will make green urea for use in Australia and overseas. This is an important step for Perdaman’s Helios project in Karratha, Western Australia, as it works to secure funding through the government’s main clean hydrogen incentive.

Perdaman Helios is one of the few fertilizer-focused projects worldwide to make it onto a national hydrogen subsidy shortlist. The other six projects mainly plan to produce methanol, sustainable aviation fuel, and ammonia for shipping and industry. In contrast, Perdaman aims to turn renewable hydrogen into green urea to meet demand from farmers and export markets.

The Hydrogen Headstart program gives successful projects production credits for 10 years. This support helps cover the difference between the cost of making renewable hydrogen and current market prices. The goal is to make projects more attractive to investors and lenders by offering more financial certainty. In the first round, Australia awarded contracts to several large hydrogen and ammonia projects.

This new shortlist highlights Australia’s plan to become a top exporter of renewable hydrogen and related products. The country is using its strong solar and wind resources and its closeness to Asian markets. By producing green urea rather than simply supplying hydrogen or ammonia as energy carriers, Australia could create more stable, long-term demand, serving both agriculture and efforts to cut industrial emissions.

A final investment decision has not yet been made for the Perdaman Helios project. Besides government support, the project still needs commercial off-take deals, access to the power grid, and electrolyzers before building can start.

Source: Argus Media

A protective nanocoating helped nitrogen-fixing bacteria survive better on rice leaves by shielding them from environmental stress. As a result, the microbes provided almost one-third of the crop’s nitrogen needs and increased plant growth, according to a study in Nature Food.

Researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and their partners covered the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Klebsiella variicola W12 with a two-layer nanocoating made from tannic acid, ferric ions, and sodium alginate. This coating protected the bacteria from ultraviolet light, drought, oxidative stress, and temperature changes, which usually make it hard for microbes to survive on leaves. In greenhouse tests, the coated bacteria colonized rice leaves 3.3 times better than uncoated ones, supplied 27.89% of the plants’ total nitrogen—more than twice as much as untreated bacteria—and increased fresh plant weight by 1.4 times after 54 days.

These results help solve a major challenge for foliar biofertilization. Although nitrogen-fixing bacteria could replace synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, most commercial products are used on seeds or in the root zone because microbes do not usually survive long enough on leaves to fix nitrogen effectively. Field trials with Meiliangyou rice showed higher seed dry weight and biomass compared to untreated plants. However, the researchers noted that more work is needed to improve the coating for different crops and conditions before it can be used commercially. A commentary in Nature Biotechnology called this technology an important step toward practical foliar biofertilization.

This research shows that the fertilizer industry is making progress in reducing the need for synthetic nitrogen by using biological alternatives. Current commercial microbial products, such as those from Pivot Bio, usually replace about 20 to 25% of a corn crop’s nitrogen needs through root-zone colonization. The new foliar method could add to these technologies by delivering biological nitrogen later in the season and for more types of crops. However, it will likely take years of further research, regulatory approval, and large-scale testing before it becomes widely available.

Source: Nature Food

What to know about nanocoated biofertilizers

India’s fertilizer subsidy program faces increasing fiscal pressure as rising global prices push government spending beyond budgeted limits. Recently, a consortium of state-owned and cooperative fertilizer companies secured about 1.3 million tonnes of DAP at USD 930-935 per tonne CFR, one of the highest prices in recent years, significantly raising subsidy needs.

The government maintains the retail urea price at Rs 276 per 45-kilogram bag, even as import-parity prices are near Rs 78,000 per tonne, according to Agro Spectrum India. At these levels, New Delhi covers over 90% of urea’s economic cost. A similar gap exists for DAP, with the retail price fixed at Rs 1,350 per bag despite rising import costs due to supply disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz.

To protect farmers from higher input costs in the 2026 Kharif season, the Indian cabinet raised the Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) rates, effective from April 1 to September 30. Subsidies are now Rs 47.32 per kilogram for nitrogen, Rs 52.76 for phosphate, Rs 2.38 for potash, and Rs 3.16 for sulfur, with increased support for nitrogen, phosphate, and sulfur compared to the previous Rabi season. While these rates prevent retail price hikes, they also increase the government’s fiscal burden.

India uses about 40 million tonnes of urea each year, with domestic production meeting 87% of demand. However, this production depends on imported liquefied natural gas, exposing manufacturers to higher feedstock costs after energy supply disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz. Increased production costs and expensive imports are expected to push total fertilizer subsidies above the 2026-27 budget allocation.

Analysts expect the government to keep regulated fertilizer prices in place through the Kharif season due to the political sensitivity of input costs ahead of the upcoming state elections. Longer-term reforms, such as extending the Nutrient-Based Subsidy to urea, are under discussion but unlikely in the near future.

Source: Agro Spectrum India

U.S. fertilizer imports were among the most affected commodities during the Strait of Hormuz disruption, declining 44.2% year over year in May as cargo departures from Gulf ports nearly stopped, according to Descartes logistics data. Total U.S. imports from affected ports dropped 93.2%, from about 1.5 million metric tonnes in May 2025 to 101,000 tonnes in May 2026, underscoring the significant supply-chain disruption caused by the conflict between the United States and Iran.

May data show a sharp decline compared to earlier months. Over the previous 12 months, imports from Hormuz-affected ports fluctuated between a 28% decrease and a 26% increase year over year. Shipments fell 33% in March and 34.7% in April before dropping further in May, indicating trade flows weakened before the strait’s full closure. Fertilizers experienced the largest decline among major commodities tracked by Descartes, reflecting the U.S. market’s reliance on nitrogen and phosphate shipments from the Middle East. In contrast, imports of crude oil and refined petroleum products declined less, suggesting alternative supply sources were more accessible for energy commodities than for fertilizers.

Descartes data track cargo departing from ports in countries affected by the Strait of Hormuz disruption, rather than by product origin, capturing shipments that were delayed, stranded, or rerouted. These findings are consistent with other trade monitoring, which shows fertilizer exports through the region fell by about 94% by June. This demonstrates the disruption’s broad impact on agricultural supply chains for both Gulf producers and international importers.

Although a U.S.-Iran ceasefire announced in mid-June has allowed vessel traffic to resume, analysts expect supply chains to recover gradually. Shipping insurers are still processing higher risk premiums, mine-clearance operations continue in parts of the Gulf, and regional ports need to rebuild inventories depleted during the disruption.

Source: Descartes

Oman India Fertiliser Company (OMIFCO) has launched a $678 million initial public offering on the Muscat Stock Exchange, targeting a valuation of up to $2.7 billion as Oman leverages the strongest global nitrogen market in nearly four years.

The offering comprises 1.672 billion existing shares, representing a 25% stake in the company. Subscription opened on June 16 and will close on June 25, with trading expected to begin under the ticker symbol OMIF on or around July 8.

The IPO is well-timed for fertilizer producers. Global urea and ammonia prices surged after the Strait of Hormuz closed in late February, tightening supplies and raising nitrogen benchmarks to multi-year highs. Although prices have started to decline following the regional ceasefire, OMIFCO entered the market while demand, especially from India, remained strong.

Strategic location shielded exports from Hormuz disruption

Unlike most fertilizer producers in the Persian Gulf, OMIFCO benefited from its location on Oman’s southeastern coast.

The company’s production complex in Sur is outside the Strait of Hormuz, enabling uninterrupted exports while producers in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait faced significant logistical disruptions. As hundreds of vessels waited for safe passage inside the Gulf, OMIFCO was largely insulated from these delays.

In 2025, the company produced 1.35 million tonnes of ammonia and 2.07 million tonnes of urea, operating above nameplate capacity for both products despite challenging geopolitical conditions.

According to Argus Media, OMIFCO is Oman’s largest urea producer and ranks as the joint third-largest producer in the Middle East Gulf, excluding Iran, behind QatarEnergy and SABIC.

The business remains overwhelmingly dependent on nitrogen products. Urea generated 92.8% of total revenue during 2025 and increased to 95.4% during the first quarter of 2026. Annual revenue reached RO308.9 million (approximately $802 million) in 2025.

India remains the cornerstone of OMIFCO’s business

India remains central to OMIFCO’s export strategy and is expected to be its largest customer for the foreseeable future.

Under a revised marketing arrangement that became effective in February 2026, OQ Trading will supply one million tonnes of urea annually under India’s government procurement program. The trading company also plans to market an additional 500,000 tonnes each year through commercial sales into the Indian market.

The IPO prospectus shows that India accounted for 71% of exported urea volumes and 61% of ammonia exports between 2023 and 2025.

With approximately 98.3% of its urea production exported, OMIFCO is highly exposed to international fertilizer prices and global trade flows. Strong Indian purchasing activity has become a key earnings driver.

OMIFCO is jointly owned by OQ, Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO), and Krishak Bharati Cooperative (KRIBHCO). Following the IPO, the three shareholders will collectively retain a 75% ownership stake.

Long-term gas contract provides stability but limits upside

A key focus of the IPO prospectus is OMIFCO’s long-term natural gas agreement.

The company receives feedstock from Integrated Gas Company (IGC) under a contract extending through July 15, 2035. The agreement provides 58.765 million MMBtu annually at a base price of $5.25 per MMBtu, with prices increasing by 3% annually on a compounded basis. For 2026, the contracted gas price rises to approximately $5.41 per MMBtu.

The contract includes a profit-sharing mechanism tied to international urea prices. This mechanism was triggered in the third quarter of 2025 and the first quarter of 2026, redirecting part of the additional earnings from higher fertilizer prices to Oman’s state decarbonization programs instead of being fully retained by shareholders.

While the agreement ensures long-term feedstock security, it limits earnings potential during periods of exceptionally high nitrogen prices.

Expansion plans hinge on future gas allocation

OMIFCO is considering a major capacity expansion that would significantly increase its production footprint.

The company has completed a feasibility study for a third production train capable of adding approximately 3,500 tonnes per day of ammonia capacity and 6,212 tonnes per day of urea capacity.

The project carries an estimated capital cost of approximately $2.9 billion and would require an additional 2.7 million metric standard cubic metres of natural gas per day.

Feedstock availability remains the main uncertainty. OMIFCO has requested additional gas allocation from IGC but has not received confirmation from the Omani government. No final investment decision has been made.

For investors, future gas allocation is one of the company’s most significant long-term growth risks.

Dividend outlook and market timing

OMIFCO expects to distribute a total FY2026 dividend of approximately $185 million, payable in two equal installments during September 2026 and April 2027. The company also plans to pay a special dividend of $25 million alongside the first distribution.

The IPO prospectus received approval from Oman’s Financial Services Authority on June 11. Bank Muscat and Société Générale are serving as joint global coordinators for the transaction.

Although nitrogen prices have begun to ease after the Middle East ceasefire, OMIFCO’s subscription period opened while fertilizer markets remained well above historical averages. This timing allows investors to assess the company during one of the most profitable pricing environments since 2022, even as markets adjust to reopened shipping routes.

Source: Muscat Daily

Global fertilizer markets are diverging, with phosphate prices remaining resilient while nitrogen markets decline after the reopening of the Strait of Hormuz. Urea barge prices in New Orleans have dropped over 55% from their April peak, driven by reduced geopolitical risks and increased Chinese nitrogen exports. In contrast, phosphate fertilizers have largely resisted the broader market correction.

Argus Media reports that DAP has stayed near USD 930 to 935 per tonne CFR India through late June, while MAP has traded between USD 907 and USD 927 per tonne. These contrasting price trends reflect fundamentally different supply conditions in the two nutrient markets.

The phosphate market remains tight as China, responsible for about 40% of global DAP and MAP exports, maintains strict export restrictions. “Right now, China is showing no signs of exporting phosphate anytime soon,” Josh Linville, vice president of fertilizer at StoneX, told The Western Producer. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia, the third-largest phosphate fertilizer exporter, continues to face shipping disruptions due to vessel congestion, mine clearance, and higher insurance costs, delaying the normalization of cargo movements through the Strait of Hormuz.

Limited sulfur availability is also supporting the market. Sulfur, essential for phosphate fertilizer production, remains difficult to transport from the Persian Gulf, restricting producers outside the region, such as Morocco’s OCP, from fully replacing lost Middle Eastern supply. Linville noted that the reopening of the Strait of Hormuz “should have been massively bearish” for phosphate prices, but the market remains supported because global phosphate exports are concentrated among a few major suppliers.

For growers, the divided market indicates that fertilizer purchasing strategies may need to vary by nutrient. Nitrogen prices are expected to continue declining through the summer, while phosphate costs will likely remain high ahead of the Northern Hemisphere fall application season. A significant drop in phosphate prices will depend on both the full recovery of Gulf shipping and the potential easing of China’s export restrictions.

Source: The Western Producer

On June 22, urea barge prices at New Orleans (NOLA) fell to USD 350 per tonne, a decline of over 55% from the USD 782 peak during the U.S.-Iran conflict in April. The ceasefire reopened the Strait of Hormuz, reversing the global nitrogen market trend. Prices also dropped below the USD 455-470 per tonne range recorded on February 27, before hostilities began.

The decline followed a 60-day ceasefire that restored commercial shipping through the Strait of Hormuz, a key route for Middle Eastern fertilizer exports. Josh Linville, vice president of fertilizer at StoneX, noted that about 200,000 metric tonnes of urea have moved through the waterway since the agreement began. “It’s a step in the right direction that has got any long position running for the hills trying to get rid of their stuff,” Linville said. The selloff has accelerated with China’s return to the export market, increasing supply as seasonal demand in the Northern Hemisphere reaches its lowest point.

Urea futures tracked by Trading Economics fell to USD 359 per tonne on June 18, down 37% from the previous month and nearly 17% below last year’s level. This decline reverses the rally that pushed fertilizer prices to multi-year highs in early 2026. As the Middle East supplies about one-third of the global urea trade, resumed exports have significantly improved availability. Market participants are now monitoring the timing and volume of India’s next urea import tender, which is expected to set a price floor before the Northern Hemisphere fall application season.

Source: The Western Producer

Canada has introduced its first national Food Security Strategy, committing over USD 2 billion in the next decade to expand domestic food production, enhance food processing, improve distribution infrastructure, and boost competition in the grocery sector.

Announced on June 11, the strategy allocates over USD 700 million to expand food terminals and distribution hubs for independent grocers, USD 900 million to increase domestic food processing, and nearly USD 550 million to support year-round fruit and vegetable production through greenhouse and controlled-environment agriculture. The plan also aims to streamline agricultural regulations and reaffirms Canada’s supply management system for dairy, poultry, and eggs as a key element of national food security.

The federal government has set long-term targets, such as increasing the share of healthy food produced domestically from 75% to 85% by 2032, raising domestically processed food consumption from 70% to 80%, and doubling the value of greenhouse-grown fresh produce sold in Canada. The strategy also aims to reduce reliance on imported produce and expand export potential, especially for processed foods and greenhouse vegetables.

Separately, Canada’s Competition Bureau has begun a nationwide review of competition in the food supply chain, including production, processing, transportation, distribution, and retail pricing. The agency will accept public and industry submissions until July 31, 2026, and expects to release a final report and recommendations after stakeholder consultations conclude in spring 2027.

Egyptian phosphate rock exporters have resumed submitting export shipping applications after a month-long pause caused by policy uncertainty, easing concerns about near-term supply. However, questions about export availability beyond 2026 remain, according to Argus Media.

The disruption followed a May 3 government announcement in which Industry Minister Ahmed Samir Saleh highlighted expanding domestic phosphate processing projects, including a joint venture between Misr Phosphate and Indorama. Although the statement led to speculation that Egypt might restrict phosphate rock exports to support local industries, no formal decree or regulations were issued. As a result, exporters temporarily suspended new shipping applications while awaiting clarification.

Market participants expect phosphate rock exports to continue as usual through 2026. However, supply for 2027 remains uncertain as the government assesses the needs of new domestic processing facilities. Exporters note that lower-grade phosphate rock from the Abu Tartour mines, typically containing 26–27% P₂O₅, has limited domestic demand and should remain available for export, even as higher-grade material is directed to local industries.

Egypt is a key global phosphate rock supplier, especially for Asia-Pacific buyers seeking alternatives to disrupted Middle Eastern routes. While Morocco’s OCP remains the leading exporter, Egyptian shipments offer flexibility and help diversify supply during market volatility.

Source: Argus Media

The World Bank has warned that global fertilizer prices could rise by more than 30% in 2026 if shipping disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz continue, with nitrogen fertilizers expected to see the steepest increases due to the region’s dominant role in ammonia production and LNG exports.

According to the World Bank’s April 2026 Commodity Markets Outlook, urea prices jumped 53.7% month over month to USD 725.6 per tonne in March, the highest level in four years, after the Strait of Hormuz disruption removed roughly one-third of globally traded fertilizer volumes from the market. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) prices rose 5% to USD 658.3 per tonne, while muriate of potash (MOP) increased to USD 380.6 per tonne from USD 372.5 per tonne in February. The institution’s fertilizer price index has climbed more than 12% since the fourth quarter of 2025.

The World Bank forecasts urea prices to increase nearly 60% on average in 2026 before easing in 2027 as Middle Eastern exports recover and natural gas prices moderate. DAP prices are projected to rise about 6% this year before declining roughly 10% in 2027 as new production capacity enters the market, while MOP prices are expected to gain around 12% in 2026 before falling about 6% next year. The report said the current price shock has been moderated by pre-season fertilizer purchases in the Northern Hemisphere, less severe natural gas price increases than during the 2021–22 energy crisis, and the rerouting of some Middle Eastern exports through overland corridors. However, it warned that risks remain tilted to the upside if the Strait of Hormuz disruption extends beyond June or if China tightens fertilizer export restrictions further. The World Bank identified Sub-Saharan Africa as the region most vulnerable to prolonged high fertilizer prices because of chronically low fertilizer use and limited fiscal capacity to support farmers.

Source: World Bank

CF Industries nearly doubled its first-quarter 2026 net earnings, driven by higher global nitrogen prices after Middle Eastern export disruptions through the Strait of Hormuz. Net earnings reached $615 million, up from $312 million a year earlier. Revenue increased 20% year over year to $1.99 billion. EBITDA was $1.01 billion, and adjusted EBITDA rose to $983 million from $644 million in the first quarter of 2025. Results included a one-time litigation settlement gain of about $170 million.

The company stated that its North American production, supplied entirely by regional natural gas, continues to offer a structural cost advantage over producers reliant on imported LNG. CF Industries operated at over 99% of available ammonia capacity during the quarter, allowing it to benefit from higher nitrogen prices despite the ongoing Yazoo City, Mississippi, outage. The facility is not expected to resume production until late in the fourth quarter of 2026, reducing this year’s projected gross ammonia output to about 9.5 million tonnes, down from 10.1 million tonnes in 2025.

To offset production losses, CF Industries deferred planned maintenance at its Donaldsonville, Louisiana, ammonia complex and converted 100 ammonium nitrate hopper railcars for granular urea service to expand distribution capacity. The company also prioritized deliveries to U.S. customers over higher-priced export markets during the supply disruption, highlighting strong domestic nitrogen demand amid tighter global supplies.

Source: CF Industries / SEC

Washington State University researchers have transferred a complete cluster of nitrogen-fixing genes from rhizobia into bacteria that could not previously fix atmospheric nitrogen. This marks a significant step toward reducing agriculture’s dependence on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.

Published in May 2026, the study focused on the “symbiosis island,” a large gene cluster that allows rhizobia to convert atmospheric nitrogen into plant nutrients and form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. The team used a new genetic transfer system to significantly improve the efficiency of moving this complex gene cluster between bacterial species, addressing a longstanding challenge in engineering nitrogen-fixing microbes.

After introducing the symbiosis island into non-fixing bacteria, the researchers conducted millions of bacterial-plant pairings. Many engineered strains formed successful interactions with host plants, with most relationships proving beneficial or neutral rather than harmful. These results challenge the assumption that new microbial symbioses typically start as parasitic before becoming mutually beneficial.

The study also found that bacteria more closely related to naturally nitrogen-fixing rhizobia were more likely to gain functional symbiotic abilities. Led by Stephanie Porter, associate professor of biological sciences at Washington State University, the research demonstrates the potential to expand biological nitrogen fixation beyond legumes using engineered microbial communities.

Despite this progress, practical applications are still years away. Achieving nitrogen fixation in major cereal crops like wheat, corn, and rice will require both engineered bacteria and crop varieties with the necessary molecular receptors to support them. Nevertheless, this research is an important step toward biological alternatives to synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, which are a major agricultural cost and a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions.

Source: Phys.org

Cibra has agreed to sell its fertilizer blending facility in Paraná to Inpek Fertilizantes, an affiliate of the U.S.-based Nitron. This move comes as Brazil’s fertilizer distribution industry consolidates amid challenging market conditions. The transaction was submitted to Brazil’s antitrust authority, Cade, on June 17, according to Argus Media. Financial terms and production capacity were not disclosed.

The Paraná plant blends mineral fertilizers but has been operating at below-capacity levels. Cibra stated that the divestment aligns with its strategy to focus investment on more efficient and profitable operations. For Nitron, which operates fertilizer trading and distribution across the Americas, the acquisition strengthens its position in one of the world’s largest fertilizer markets.

Brazil imports about 80% to 85% of its fertilizer needs and accounts for roughly 22% of global potash demand, making it the world’s largest fertilizer importer by volume. The distribution sector has faced pressure from high global fertilizer prices, tighter farm credit, and rising rural debt defaults. As a result, weaker operators have divested assets, while larger companies have pursued acquisitions to strengthen their market positions.

The sale also highlights shifting economics in Brazil’s fertilizer blending industry. Facilities operating below capacity have struggled to remain profitable as higher raw material costs reduced blending margins. With fertilizer demand expected to recover as crop acreage expands and soil nutrient replacement increases, the acquisition allows Inpek to secure additional production capacity as market conditions improve.

Source: Argus Media

What to know about Brazil’s fertilizer distribution sector

According to an American Farm Bureau Federation (AFBF) survey of about 5,700 producers, nearly seven in ten U.S. crop farmers could not purchase all the fertilizer needed for the 2026 season. This finding, presented at an April 16 U.S. House Appropriations Committee hearing, clearly shows that fertilizer affordability declined significantly even before Iran’s renewed closure of the Strait of Hormuz on June 20.

The survey shows that the fertilizer crisis is not limited to short-term supply issues. Economists from the University of Illinois, North Dakota State University, and Agricultural Economic Insights (AEI.ag) report that fertilizer costs have risen steadily since the conflict began in late February. They warn that high nitrogen prices may influence farm purchasing decisions through the 2027 crop cycle.

Fertilizer costs surged before Hormuz fully closed

U.S. corn producers began 2026 with higher production costs. The USDA projected average fertilizer expenses at about $166 per acre, a 5.3% increase over the previous year. After commercial shipping through the Strait of Hormuz was disrupted on March 4, nitrogen markets tightened quickly.

AEI.ag reports that farm-level urea prices rose about 56% over the next eight weeks, while anhydrous ammonia increased by 33%. As a result, nitrogen accounted for roughly 21% of total corn production costs, the highest since 2022 and well above the long-term average of 17%.

Each $30-per-tonne increase in urea prices typically adds $15 to $20 per acre to nitrogen expenses. Many growers who had not secured fertilizer before the disruption faced production cost increases of over $50 per acre.

Growers faced difficult choices

University of Illinois researchers identified three practical options for farmers facing sharply higher fertilizer Farmers could either absorb the extra costs and maintain recommended application rates to protect yields, substitute lower-cost nitrogen products where possible, or reduce fertilizer applications and accept the risk of lower yields.p yields.

The Farm Bureau survey indicates that many producers chose to reduce fertilizer applications due to financial constraints and limited alternatives.

Research from farmdoc daily found that anhydrous ammonia offered a cost advantage of about $50 per acre over urea when supplying 180 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Such pricing gaps were last seen during the fertilizer crises of 2012 and 2022. Although some farmers switched products, storage limits, specialized equipment, and planting schedules prevented widespread substitution in the spring.

Corn growers remain the most exposed

Corn production is especially vulnerable because it requires significantly more nitrogen than soybeans or wheat, typically 150 to 200 pounds per acre.

Farmers in the Northern Plains and Upper Midwest were generally better positioned, as many use anhydrous ammonia applied in the fall or early spring. Those relying on imported urea or UAN solutions through Gulf Coast terminals faced larger cost increases.

Specialty crop growers in western states were also disproportionately affected, as fruit, vegetable, and horticultural production often relies on higher-value liquid and water-soluble nitrogen fertilizers that became more expensive during the disruption.

Government and industry sought to ease supply constraints

Agriculture Secretary Brooke Rollins told lawmakers the administration plans to use tariff revenues to support increased domestic fertilizer production. She noted that new capacity would take months, not weeks, to affect market prices.

To improve domestic logistics, the Trump administration temporarily waived the Jones Act starting March 17, allowing foreign-flagged vessels to transport fertilizer and petroleum products between U.S. ports for 60 days. By April 30, 23 domestic shipments, including two ammonia cargoes, had moved under the waiver. While this improved regional distribution, analysts concluded it could not offset the global supply loss from Middle East disruptions.

Industry responded by maximizing domestic production. CF Industries postponed maintenance at its Donaldsonville, Louisiana, facility, the world’s largest ammonia production site, to keep about 100,000 additional tonnes of granular urea available during the spring application season. The company also prioritized U.S. customers over higher-priced export markets.

Fertilizer budgets for 2027 are already under pressure

Although benchmark urea prices eased slightly after peaking in March, analysts warn that fertilizer markets remain vulnerable. By late June, urea futures had fallen to about $359 per tonne, 17% below spring highs but still well above 2025 levels.

North Dakota State University researchers estimate that under a “Contested Transit” scenario, where shipping through the Strait of Hormuz is only partially operational, urea prices could remain above $700 per short ton through November 2026. This period aligns with the fall prepay season, when many U.S. growers secure fertilizer for the next crop year.

Iran’s renewed closure of the Strait of Hormuz on June 20 makes it more likely that this scenario will become the market baseline. As a result, university economists and market analysts recommend that growers plan 2027 fertilizer budgets with higher nitrogen and phosphate prices in mind, consider forward purchasing where possible, and closely monitor global procurement events such as India’s major urea tenders, which often set international pricing benchmarks.

Source: farmdoc daily / AFBF

Five things to know about U.S. farm fertilizer costs in 2026

Mosaic has secured a $1 billion credit facility to refinance existing debt, reinforcing its balance sheet as the company prepares for higher raw material costs and a more challenging operating environment. The financing, disclosed in a June 10 filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, follows a first quarter in which Mosaic exceeded revenue expectations but missed earnings-per-share estimates. CEO Bruce Bodine stated the company delivered “exemplary” operational performance in its phosphate business despite challenging market conditions.

The refinancing coincides with Mosaic’s expectation of significantly higher sulfur and ammonia costs in the second quarter, due to supply disruptions stemming from the Strait of Hormuz crisis affecting Gulf-region sulfur shipments. The company also anticipates lower phosphate sales volumes than in the first quarter due to temporary production curtailments. Mosaic projects second-quarter diammonium phosphate (DAP) prices between $760 and $780 per metric ton and aims to maintain realized stripping margins above $400 per metric ton. The company reaffirmed its full-year potash production guidance of 9 million metric tons, citing strong global demand despite weaker purchasing activity in North America.

Separately, shareholders reelected all 12 members of Mosaic’s board of directors, including Bodine, at the 2026 annual meeting and ratified KPMG as the independent auditor. The board maintained the quarterly dividend at $0.22 per share, with an ex-dividend date of May 21.

Source: GuruFocus / SEC

Key facts about Mosaic

In 2026, the urea-to-corn price ratio has reached unusually high levels. The Strait of Hormuz disruption led to uneven price increases in global nitrogen markets, making fertilizer less affordable and altering how U.S. corn growers manage nitrogen use.

Data from Agricultural Economic Insights (AEI.ag) shows that farm-level urea prices jumped 56% in the eight weeks after the Strait closed in early March. In the same period, anhydrous ammonia prices rose 33%. This difference has made anhydrous ammonia about USD 50 per acre cheaper for a standard 180-pound nitrogen application, a gap last seen during the fertilizer market disruptions in 2012 and 2022.

Nitrogen costs are expected to make up 21% of corn revenue in 2026, up from 18-19% in 2023-2025 and well above the 2010-2021 average of 17%. This jump is mostly due to higher urea prices, since about a third of the world’s urea supply usually passes through the Strait of Hormuz. In contrast, anhydrous ammonia is mainly produced from U.S. natural gas and shipped domestically, so it is less affected by global supply issues.

The widening price gap is encouraging growers to switch to anhydrous ammonia, especially through fall or pre-plant programs. Still, analysts note that many farms face constraints due to equipment, local infrastructure, and logistics. Terrain analysts expect average U.S. anhydrous ammonia prices to reach USD 760 per ton in 2026, while urea is projected at USD 620 per ton. These are both up from 2025 averages of USD 744 and USD 530 per ton.

Source: Michigan Farm News / AEI

Poland’s Hynfra and Jordan’s Fidelity Group have signed a binding investment agreement to develop a 120,000-ton-per-year green ammonia plant in Aqaba, establishing one of the Middle East’s most advanced green ammonia projects. The joint venture will supply European customers seeking low-carbon ammonia for fertilizer production and new energy applications. Jordan’s Council of Ministers approved the agreement earlier this year, providing regulatory support, and Denmark’s Topsoe is leading front-end engineering and design (FEED).

The facility will use renewable electricity to power electrolysis for hydrogen production, which will then be combined with atmospheric nitrogen to produce green ammonia. Aqaba’s location offers direct access to the Red Sea and European markets, creating an export corridor that avoids the Persian Gulf while shipping through the Strait of Hormuz is disrupted. Although a construction timeline has not been announced, the project expands Hynfra’s green ammonia portfolio, which includes developments in Egypt, Mauritania, and Ukraine. The company has identified financing costs as a key challenge for project execution.

Source: Quantum Commodity Intelligence

The European Union has removed its 5.5% import tariff on U.S. ammonia as part of a broader EU-U.S. trade agreement approved by the European Parliament on June 16. However, industry participants believe this change will not significantly increase U.S. exports due to the bloc’s carbon border tax.

The tariff reduction coincides with the EU’s one-year suspension of standard import duties on ammonia and urea, effective May 30, to lower fertilizer costs for European farmers. However, the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), fully implemented on January 1, 2026, continues to impose high costs on imported fertilizers. Argus Media reports that U.S. ammonia faces CBAM charges of up to $196 per metric ton under default emissions values, mainly because much U.S. production uses petroleum coke rather than natural gas. In contrast, ammonia from Algeria and Egypt faces estimated CBAM costs of $62 and $59 per metric ton, respectively, maintaining their cost advantage despite the removal of U.S. tariffs.

European Trade Commissioner Maroš Šefčovič stated that the European Commission will implement the tariff changes promptly and may consider similar measures for other fertilizer products. However, market analysts expect the agreement to have only a limited short-term effect on ammonia trade, with significant gains for U.S. exporters unlikely before 2027. From then on, producers who can verify lower plant-level carbon emissions than the default CBAM values may qualify for reduced carbon charges, thereby enhancing their competitiveness in the European market. EU member states are expected to approve the legal texts for the bilateral agreement by the end of June.

Source: Argus Media

What to know about EU ammonia trade policy

India’s fertilizer subsidy program faces increasing fiscal pressure as import costs, affected by disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz, push procurement prices to multi-year highs. This highlights the strain on the country’s fixed-price fertilizer policy.

According to Agro Spectrum India, the government recently secured a major urea import tender at landed prices of about $959 per metric ton on the east coast and $935 per metric ton on the west coast. A separate tender for diammonium phosphate (DAP) was concluded at $935 per metric ton for the east coast and $930 per metric ton for the west coast. Despite these higher procurement costs, DAP continues to be sold to farmers at approximately 1,350 rupees ($15.70) per 50-kilogram bag under India’s Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) program.

India consumes about 40 million metric tons of urea annually, making it one of the world’s largest fertilizer markets. The country imports approximately 25% to 26% of its urea needs and depends on overseas sources for about 85% of the natural gas used in domestic urea production. This reliance leaves the sector highly exposed to global energy and fertilizer market fluctuations.

The government has budgeted 1.71 trillion rupees (about $19.9 billion) for fertilizer subsidies in fiscal year 2026-27. However, analysts warn that actual spending may significantly exceed this amount as the gap between import costs and regulated retail prices widens. In response, officials have expanded fertilizer procurement from Russia, Morocco, and Canada using alternative shipping routes around the Cape of Good Hope and increased domestic urea production by an estimated 23% through emergency natural gas purchases. India began the Kharif planting season with urea inventories up 10.7% year over year and DAP stocks more than doubling. Maintaining these supply levels is expected to further increase the government’s subsidy burden.

Source: Agro Spectrum India

Scientists have developed a chloroplast genome editing technique that significantly improves photosynthesis and plant growth by introducing precise changes to the Rubisco enzyme, which is a key but relatively inefficient protein involved in plant carbon fixation. The research, published in Nature Communications, demonstrated that targeted edits increased photosynthetic performance, biomass production, and water-use efficiency in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. These findings highlight a potential pathway for developing more productive crops under future climate conditions.

By employing chloroplast base-editing technology, the researchers introduced single amino acid substitutions into the Rubisco large subunit without incorporating foreign DNA into the plant genome. Two specific mutations, M309I and D397N, enhanced the enzyme’s catalytic activity, allowing plants to assimilate more carbon under both current and projected elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. The edited plants exhibited increased shoot and root size, expanded leaf area, and higher seed yields while maintaining normal Rubisco and chlorophyll content.

These findings address a longstanding challenge in plant biotechnology. Although Rubisco is central to photosynthesis, its relatively slow catalytic rate has limited crop productivity for decades. Previous attempts to redesign or replace the enzyme often disrupted its assembly or reduced plant growth. In contrast, this study demonstrates that small, targeted modifications to the existing Rubisco gene can enhance its performance while preserving normal plant development.

The researchers also observed that the modified plants achieved higher intrinsic water-use efficiency, as photosynthesis increased without necessitating greater stomatal opening. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed that the mutations altered the flexibility of regions surrounding Rubisco’s active site, offering new insights into how subtle structural changes can improve enzyme function.

The study authors note that the targeted amino acid positions are highly conserved across many agricultural crops, indicating that this approach could be broadly applicable beyond Arabidopsis. As atmospheric CO₂ concentrations continue to rise, Rubisco variants with faster catalytic rates may enable crops to maintain productivity while using water more efficiently under increasingly challenging growing conditions.

Because the chloroplast editing process does not leave foreign DNA in the final plants after breeding, the researchers suggest that this technology could circumvent certain regulatory barriers associated with conventional genetically modified crops in countries that recognize gene-edited, transgene-free plants under emerging non-GMO frameworks.

Source: Nature Communications

Fertilizer shipments through the Strait of Hormuz are unlikely to resume normal levels immediately, even if the United States and Iran reach a lasting ceasefire. A backlog of vessels, higher war-risk insurance costs, and continued security concerns will likely disrupt maritime trade for an extended period.

The Strait of Hormuz has been closed to commercial shipping since late February, after U.S. and Israeli strikes on Iran led Tehran to block the passage. According to Kpler, the route typically handles 30–35% of global seaborne urea trade and 20–30% of ammonia shipments. Approximately 515 vessels remain anchored or stalled in the region. Shipping executives and traders told Bloomberg that clearing the backlog will take months, as mine-clearing operations continue and insurers are unlikely to reduce war-risk premiums, which have increased tenfold since before the conflict.

The disruption intensified on June 20 when Iran announced a renewed closure of the Strait of Hormuz, accusing Israel of violating the Islamabad memorandum of understanding through military operations in Lebanon. U.S. Central Command rejected the claim, but vessel traffic remains sharply limited. Market participants expect fertilizer prices to stay elevated through the Northern Hemisphere fall application season, with a significant recovery in Gulf fertilizer exports unlikely before 2027.

Source: Bloomberg

GSR Solutions advocates for nutrient recovery from organic waste as a complement to conventional fertilizer production. The company argues that capturing nitrogen and phosphorus from livestock manure, food waste, anaerobic digestate, and other organic residuals can reduce nutrient runoff and expand the supply of crop nutrients.

In a company perspective published in May, Founder and CEO Anju Krivov stated that agriculture will continue to depend on various fertilizer sources, including synthetic, organic, biological, mined, and recovered nutrients, to meet rising global food demand. The company notes that nutrients in organic residuals can become environmental liabilities when they enter water bodies rather than being returned to agricultural use.

According to GSR Solutions, nutrient recovery technologies can convert nitrogen- and phosphorus-rich waste streams into fertilizers suitable for agriculture. The company states that recovered nutrients are intended to complement, not replace, existing fertilizer sources and can support broader nutrient stewardship while adding value to agricultural and food-processing byproducts.

The company notes that nutrient management technologies such as composting, solids separation, struvite recovery, ammonia capture, and filtration are already in use. GSR states that the effectiveness of these methods depends on aligning technologies with specific feedstocks, regulations, economics, and market needs. The company adds that recovered nutrients must be processed into standardized fertilizer products with consistent nutrient content, handling, and labeling to achieve broad adoption by growers.

GSR Solutions states that its technology recovers nitrogen and phosphorus from organic waste streams produced by dairy and livestock operations, anaerobic digestion facilities, food processors, municipalities, and other sources. Through its NutriHarvest platform, the company aims to connect recovered nutrient products with agricultural markets, providing an additional outlet for nutrients from digestate and other biological waste streams.

Krivov stated that nutrient recovery addresses two related challenges by reducing nutrient losses to waterways and increasing the availability of fertilizer products for agriculture.

The U.S. litigation over the herbicide paraquat is entering a critical phase, with nearly 6,700 lawsuits consolidated in federal multidistrict litigation (MDL No. 3004) in the Southern District of Illinois and the first California state court trial scheduled for March 1, 2027. The lawsuits have become one of the largest product liability cases involving agricultural chemicals in recent years, raising questions about pesticide safety, worker protection, and manufacturers’ responsibility to warn users about potential health risks.

Most plaintiffs are farmers, licensed pesticide applicators, agricultural workers, landscapers, and rural residents who allege that years of exposure to paraquat caused them to develop Parkinson’s disease. The lawsuits primarily target Syngenta and Chevron, companies that manufactured or distributed paraquat-based herbicides marketed under brands including Gramoxone, Firestorm, Helmquat, and Parazone.

The defendants deny that paraquat causes Parkinson’s disease and have maintained that decades of scientific reviews by regulators worldwide support the product’s continued registration when used according to label directions. The litigation remains ongoing, and no court has determined that paraquat causes Parkinson’s disease.

California trial expected to become a landmark case

One of the most closely watched proceedings is Anderson v. Syngenta AG et al., scheduled to begin on March 1, 2027, in California’s Contra Costa County Superior Court.

According to the complaint, California walnut farmer Keith Anderson handled paraquat products between approximately 1994 and 2022 while mixing, loading, and spraying herbicides on his farm before being diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease in 2021. The lawsuit alleges that repeated occupational exposure through inhalation, skin contact, and incidental ingestion caused his illness.

Attorneys representing the Anderson family argue that the case could establish an important precedent for thousands of similar lawsuits pending across the United States.

“This trial will be a critical opportunity to give agricultural workers and their families their day in court,” Brent Wisner, managing partner at Wisner Baum, said in announcing the trial date.

Why paraquat remains controversial

Paraquat is one of the world’s most widely used non-selective herbicides and has been applied for decades to control weeds in crops including soybeans, cotton, corn, orchards, vineyards, and other specialty crops. Because it acts rapidly and is effective against herbicide-resistant weeds, many growers consider it an important management tool.

However, paraquat is also among the most acutely toxic herbicides if swallowed, leading the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to classify it as a Restricted Use Pesticide. Only certified applicators who complete mandatory training may purchase or apply paraquat in the United States.

Beyond concerns over acute poisoning, scientific debate has increasingly focused on whether chronic exposure may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Several epidemiological studies, including research from the federally funded Agricultural Health Study, have reported an association between occupational paraquat exposure and increased Parkinson’s disease risk. Laboratory research has also shown that paraquat can damage dopamine-producing neurons through oxidative stress mechanisms.

At the same time, regulatory agencies have reached differing conclusions regarding whether the available evidence establishes a causal relationship. The EPA has previously concluded that existing evidence does not demonstrate a clear causal link between paraquat exposure and Parkinson’s disease, although the agency continues to review emerging scientific data as part of its pesticide registration process.

Growing regulatory and political scrutiny

The litigation comes as political and regulatory attention toward paraquat continues to increase.

Earlier this year, EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin announced that the agency would reassess paraquat’s safety, while lawmakers in multiple states have introduced legislation seeking to ban or further restrict the herbicide.

Paraquat has already been banned or severely restricted in more than 70 countries. Nevertheless, it remains registered for agricultural use in the United States, subject to strict handling requirements.

The outcome of the ongoing litigation could influence future regulatory decisions, pesticide labeling requirements, and manufacturer disclosure obligations, regardless of whether the cases ultimately proceed to jury verdicts or are resolved through settlements.

What plaintiffs allege

Plaintiffs contend that manufacturers knew or should have known for decades that paraquat posed neurological risks and failed to adequately warn users. Attorneys involved in the litigation argue that internal company documents obtained during discovery may shed light on what manufacturers understood about the herbicide’s potential health effects.

Manufacturers have rejected those allegations, stating that paraquat has undergone extensive scientific review by regulatory authorities worldwide and remains approved for use when applied in accordance with the approved label instructions.

No jury has yet ruled on the merits of these allegations.

Potential implications for agriculture

The paraquat litigation extends well beyond the courtroom.

If plaintiffs ultimately prevail in significant numbers, the cases could reshape how agricultural chemicals are tested, monitored, and labeled in the United States. The litigation may also influence future worker safety standards, personal protective equipment requirements, and the evaluation of long-term neurological risks associated with pesticide exposure.

For growers, the lawsuits also highlight the continuing challenge of balancing effective weed management with evolving scientific research, regulatory oversight, and occupational health protections.

Understanding the U.S. paraquat lawsuits